Inteligența – în mod special, testarea inteligenței – este o temă controversată [1, 2], iar atunci când este pusă în relație cu consecințe relevante social (precum educația sau diferențele financiare dintre oameni), iscă reacții pătimașe și opinii ferme, susținute cu multă vigoare, dar adesea bazate pe distorsionarea consensului specialiștilor în domeniu [3].
Prezentul articol abordează în trei părți cele mai importante cinci critici (adesea mituri) ale inteligenței. Aceasta este cea de-a doua parte (2/3) a unui amplu articol te va ajuta să îți explici mai bine scopul testării inteligenței.
Critica #2. Scorurile la testele de inteligență (IQ) sunt irelevante și inutile; ele arată numai abilitatea unor persoane de a rezolva teste de inteligență și nimic mai mult, așadar, scorurile nu contează și nu măsoară nimic real ori important.
Sarcinile tipice care fac parte din teste de inteligență sunt extrem de diverse: matrici progresive; analogii; vocabular; numere de reținut și spus apoi în ordinea inversă; rotații mintale; itemi de cultură generală; viteza calculului matematic; reproducerea unui model tipărit, folosind cuburi; interpretarea de grafice; identificarea absurdităților dintr-o poveste sau imagine; clasificări verbale; asamblarea mintală de obiecte; silogisme și multe altele.
Testele însă nu sunt interesante în sine. Testele sunt utile doar în măsura în care prezic comportamente și rezultate viitoare importante în societate.
Ceea ce știm de câteva decenii de cercetare încoace este că inteligența (sau abilitatea cognitivă generală [4-16]) este, de departe, o poveste de succes a psihologiei, fiind unul dintre cele mai utile atribute psihologice. Inteligența este relevantă pentru o mulțime de domenii, mai jos fiind menționate doar câteva dintre acestea.
Ceea ce denotă toate aceste asocieri ale inteligenței (cu performanța educațională și la locul de muncă, cu venitul, cu sănătatea etc.) este că efectul inteligenței este generalizat și are implicații serioase pentru viața reală, astfel încât scorul IQ nu vorbește pur și simplu despre cât de bine poate rezolva o persoană teste de inteligență, ci despre șansele de a avea succes în viața pe multiple planuri, atât timp cât domeniile respective presupun într-o măsură acceptabilă gândire, luare de decizii și raționament. Mai simplu spus, oamenii inteligenți se descurcă mai bine în viață pe mai multe planuri, nu doar la școală – tind să fie angajați mai ușor de instruit și mai buni, tind să fie mai sănătoși decât restul populației, tind să comită mai puține crime etc.
Așadar, scorurile la testele de inteligență nu sunt inutile, irelevante sau limitate, ci au implicații importante pentru o gamă largă de domenii. Niciun alt atribut psihologic (ex. trăsături de personalitate) nu corelează atât de puternic cu atât de multe consecințe relevante în societate. Vezi și articolul: „Everyday life as an intelligence test: Effects of intelligence and intelligence context” [70].
Victor Bohuș, MA Contributor for TestCentral, Scientific Coordinator @Choice
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